Zond-8 flew by the Moon on October 24, 1970 and returned to Earth with high quality photographs, some from as close as 1350 km. Images were shot with the 400 mm AFA-BAM camera, on 13 × 18 cm frames of isopanchromatic film. A session of 20 full-Moon pictures was followed by a session of 78 Lunar-surface pictures (including 17 shots of the Earth over the Lunar horizon).
The images below are 20 percent of full size. Frames flagged with a star are from 6000 × 8000 pixel images digitized in Moscow from the original negatives. The remainder are from lower resolution scans of film copies in the archives of the US Geological Survey.
Frame 1 *
Frame 5
Frame 6
Frame 7
Frame 8
Frame 9 *
Frame 10
Frame 14
Frame 15 *
Frame 19
Frame 20 *
Frame 25
Frame 26 *
Frame 31 *
Frame 35
Frame 36 *
Frame 39
Frame 40
Frame 41 *
Frame 45
Frame 47 *
Frame 48
Frame 49
Frame 50
Frame 53
Frame 54 *
Frame 55
Frame 57
Frame 58
Frame 59 *
Frame 60
Frame 63
Frame 64 *
Frame 66
Frame 67
Frame 69 *
Frame X2*
Frame X38*
Frame X?
A few sections at full resolution show the true quality of the Zond camera system:
Detail from Frame 9
Detail from Frame 59
Detail from Frame X38
Luna-16
Luna-16 landed in the Sea of Fertility on September 20, 1970. It had two cycloramic optical-mechanical cameras of higher light sensitivity than Luna-9, with lamps and a wide lens aperture, since this mission landed at night. The artificial illumination failed, and unpublished panoramic images are reported to contain only a few light spots seen in Earthlight.
Photos above show portions of the 101 gram sample of lunar rock and soil retuned to Earth by the spacecraft.
Luna-17 with Lunokhod-1
Luna-17 landed on the Moon on November 15, 1970. The robotic rover, Lunokhod-1 rolled off the landing platform to explore the surface of the Moon for about a month. Two cycloramic cameras on either side of the rover were oriented for 180° horizontal panoramas (500 × 3000 pixels). These panoramas are sometimes geometrically warped to correct for the 15° tilt of the camera.
Two other cameras were oriented for 360° vertical panoramas of 500 × 6000 pixels, including images of the sky for star locations. A level indicator was placed below these cameras, with a bull's eye pattern and a small metal ball bearing. This level indicator can be seen as the "dixie cup" in the horizontal pans.
Over 200 panoramas were returned. Two cameras transmitted simultaneously, on 130 and 190 KHz subcarriers. Analysis of these images was carried out by the Sternberg Astronomical Institute (SAI), the Vernadskii Geophysical Institute (GEOKhI), and the Space Research Institute (IKI). The cameras were built by Arnold Selivanov's team at RNIIKP.
As with many Soviet space images, generation loss prevents us from seeing the original quality. Most Lunokhod images are derived from scanning printed images or second-generation film copies. Each stage of photography, printing and scanning introduces noise, nonlinear brighness mapping, and (worst of all) clamping to white or black. The images below only hint at the appearance of the original video signal.
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