It is difficult to distinguish left and right side views, and like all Lunokhod pans, publishers routinely flip the images. Selivanov identifies 01 and 08 as coming from camera no. 3. Pan 09 might be from Lunokhod-2.
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Video Pictures
Over 20,000 low-resolution video pictures were transmitted, primarily for use by the drivers to navigate the rover. Note the usual horizontal scanlines of a TV camera, as opposed to the vertical scanlines of the cycloramic cameras.
Luna-19
Luna-19 was a heavy orbiter based on the Luna-17 spacecraft and a lunokhod housing. It entered a low (100 km above surface) orbit on October 3, 1971 and returned 5 panoramas scanned by two linear optical-mechanical cameras as it passed across the Moon. These panoramas scanned a 150° "fish-eye" view from horizon to horizon, at 4 strokes/second, perpendicular to the path of the spacecraft. Very few of the Luna-19 images have been published, the best image being this photo of a lunar crater:
The image above is actually a cropped version of the panorama seen below left. Two poor-quality reproductions of fragments are seen below, which will hopefully be upgraded. Smaller printed fragments show the whole signal, including the square-wave retrace signal. They suggest that the camera scanned at 45° to the orbital path:
Luna-20
Luna-20 landed on the Moon on February 21, 1972. Like Luna-16, it was a robotic mission that returned lunar soil to the Earth. It carried a stereo pair of optical-mechanical cycloramic cameras, working at 4 lines per second and 300 pixels per line. Angled at 50° from the vertical, these cameras returned 360° panoramas, including the lunar surface and portions of the spacecraft and sky. It also scanned the drilling site before and after sampling. Published fragments of panoramas show the soil drilling apparatus in the foreground and views of the lunar horizon to either side.
Like Luna-16, a stereo pair of cameras were included, spaced 0.5 meters apart. The view from the other camera is seen below (microfilm of a newspaper photo):
A second view of the panorama, below left, is constructed from frames of a film, as it emerges from a printer. The dark object upper left is the printer head.
Luna-20 returned 55 grams of lunar material, the first samples ever seen from the ancient Lunar highlands. It was the second attempt in that dangerous rugged terrain, landing about a mile from the crash site of its sister ship Luna-18. The anorthosite composition of the soil seen above was found again when Apollo 16 and 17 landed in highland locations later that year.
Luna-21 with Lunokhod-2
Luna-21 entered Lunar orbit on January 12, 1973, and landed on January 15. The robotic rover, Lunokhod-2 rolled off the landing platform to explore the surface of the Moon for about 4 months. Like Lunokhod-1, it had two vidicon television cameras for navigational control, and four optical-mechanical cycloramic cameras. It returned 86 panoramas and over 80,000 navigational video pictures. Lunokhod-2 pans don't contain a level indicator ("dixie cup") on one of the sides.
Camera No. 2 (Left Side)
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Camera No. 4 (Right Side)
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STS Camera
The Lunokhod rovers also had two vidicon-tube television cameras mounted on the front. These returned 250-line images at 10 frames per second, for the drivers to guide the vehicle.
Sample of STS Video Sequence
Luna-22
Luna-22, a second heavy orbiter, reached the Moon on June 2, 1974 and operated for more than a year. To perform photo surveying of the surface, an elliptical orbit was established, coming as close as 15 to 30 km above the Lunar surface. From June 9 to 13, it returned 10 panoramas from its optical-mechanical camera, and then returned to a higher circular orbit to perform other experiments. The thin line running along the image is from a spacecraft strut protruding into the scanline of the camera. Portions of the square-wave retrace pattern can be seen in some sections, above and below the video signal. These panoramas are reconstructed from scanned photos.
Two other fragments have been found, which hopefully can be upgraded with better quality images someday:
Luna-24
Luna-24 was the last spacecraft to land on the Moon (Soviet or American), on August 18, 1976. Boring 2.25 meters into the Moon, it obtained a 170.1 gram core sample 1.6 meters in length. The drilling apparatus packed the sample into a 8mm diameter plastic tube, which was wound into a helical container. At the Vernadsky Institute, the core was initially transfered to a flat spiral container to be x-rayed, then transfered to a series of trays.
Luna-24 did not carry cycloramic cameras. Photos of the returned sample are shown below:
Acknowledgements
Thanks to Phil Stooke for Luna-12, 13, 20, 22 and Zond-6, 8 photos, scanned at IKI and MIIGAiK in Moscow. Thanks to Alexander Basilevsky and Arnold Selivanov for information about Luna-16, 20 and 24 missions and imagery. Thanks to Don Davis for some high quality Zond-7 scans. Thanks also to Sergei Hlynin for Luna-12 and 19 images.
Luna-3 and Zond-3 frames and spectra were gathered from various sources, including inverse halftoning and processing of images published in Atlas Obratnoi Storony Luny. Luna-9 and 13 images were similarly processed from sources including Pervye Panoramy Lunnoi Poverkhnosti and an extra fragment supplied by Phil Stooke from another source. Lunokhod images were published by the Sternberg Astronomical Institute, and others supplied by Phil Stooke and in Peredvizhnaia Laboratoriia na Lune Lunokhod-1.
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